The Cultures of Public Organizations - 600 Words

The Cultures of Public Organizations All organizations have their unique cultural and structure that defines the company goals, values, beliefs, and vision. An organization’s culture provides the framework for a shared understanding of events and defines behavioral expectations (Shafritz, 2013, p. 64). When disruption of an organization’s culture occurs, they become susceptible to Clausewitz’s fog, or uncertainty. Moreover, the political pressures play an active role because the political demands or variations to organizational structure can contribute to competing information resulting in fog. The changes with culture or political demands effects organizations because they suffer from adequate resources and idiosyncrasies in†¦show more content†¦As anticipated, the competing policies among interest groups and organizations stimulate conflict and struggle. The conflicts and struggles permeate uncertainty of the organization’s vision and goals. Consequently, the uncertainty affe cts the decision-making process, i.e., an abundance of urgent information can potentially inundate the decision maker, resulting in poor decisions. To illustrate further, the fog contributed to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Challenger disaster because their management team had copious information that they could not process which resulted in faulty decision-making (Shafritz, 2013, p. 67). The thick fog permeated the NASA culture that adversely affected critical decisions by the decision makers. Political Pressure â€Å"Political pressure is public demand for government action on certain management or policy concerns.† (Political Pressure, 2012). The political pressures emerge and influence performance from pressures outside the public administrators, i.e.: lobbyist and other special interest groups or ensued from within the public administration, i.e.: public administrators pressuring lawmakers to pass fiscal appropriations. The factors that play a role in political pressures are competiveness, as depicted by NASA’s quest to beat the Soviet Union in the space race (Shafritz, 2013, p. 64), growing globalization, and demands for better services, lawsuits, and protests. PoliticalShow MoreRelatedWorking with Culture by Khademian: Book Review1232 Words   |  5 PagesKhademians book, Working With Culture, is similar to Selznicks Leadership in Administration, in that both focus on the less technical aspects of public administration (structure and hierarchy) and instead look at pro blems that arise between the lines so to speak - that of people within the organization, and more specific to her work; the idea of culture within an organization. While this is not something that has been unknown, in fact it has been brought up in almost all of the works we haveRead MoreAn Organization s Culture And Principles Of The Organization1144 Words   |  5 Pages An organization is determined by its value and behaviors that subsidize to the exclusive culture and principles environment of the organization, which includes the organization’s philosophy, expectations, practices, and norms that hold the structure together and expresses the society’s image with internal relationship, external influences, and future planning. At the same time, rules, beliefs, attitudes, and customs have been developed over periods and become the shared culture within the organizationRead MoreRole Of Hrm Over The Period Of Time1495 Words   |  6 Pagesreport is an amalgamation of three patches of which, first, is a journal review of two human resources related articles: â€Å"Extending the Scope of Organisational Culture: the External Perception or an Internal Phenomenon† (MacIntosh and Doherty, 2007) and â€Å"Organisational Culture: An exploratory study comparing faculties’ perspectives within public and private universities in Malaysia† (Ramachandran, Ching and Ismail, 2010). This journal review is concluded by a reflection wherein the scholar expressesRead MoreTaking a Look at Organizational Culture1362 Words   |  5 PagesOrganizational culture is a belief that employees share values, beliefs, or perceptions regarding an organization, or a hierarchical society (Tsai, 2011). This is depicted as the qualities, convictions, or observations held by workers inside an association or by an authoritative unit. Since organizations reflect the qualities, convictions and behavioral standards that are utilized by workers, the circumstances t hat they experience can impact the mentality and conduct of the staff. One perspectiveRead MoreRecruitment And Selection Procedures For The Public Sector1740 Words   |  7 PagesRecruitment and Selection is arguably one of the most important aspects of Public Personnel Management. There are many factors that seem to undermine the overall process of recruitment and selection. Nigro (2013), says that success in recruitment and selection depends on adequate pay and benefits, satisfactory work conditions, short and efficient application and selection procedures. It is safe to say that many jobs in the public sector are filled on the basis of political patronage. These are typicallyRead MoreOrganizational Culture: Analysis of the Views of Schein and Kouzes and Mico783 Words   |  3 PagesBackground Organizational Culture Organizational culture is a way to describe the collective behavior within an organization, the values, norms, language, symbols, status, and beliefs and habits. W e can also view organizational behavior as the collection of behaviors within an organization that cause those members to perceive their organization and others. In fact, organizational culture affects the way individuals and groups interact with each other, clients, stakeholders and the public Because people areRead MoreTransport for London: A Case Study in Equality923 Words   |  4 Pagesmust continue to promise an environment that understands and promotes diversity in order to best serve and represent the public at large. Thus, even Transport for London, a government agency supervising public transportation must show that they incorporate equality and diversity into their operating practices. Question 2 Transport for London is an esteemed government organization that definitely promotes equality and diversity within the work environment. Every one from Customer Service RepresentativesRead MoreConcept Of Personal Administration For Recruiting Management1697 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction In the patch one, there is actually emphasis regarding understanding the actual culture ideals in every organization. The investigation papers highlights a few of the key points identified within their research because they have outlined culture approach change from organization in order to organization. Ramachandran, Macintosh Doherty have centered on Organization Culture like a local trend whereas, it s generally regarded as Global trend. The two research documents have strengthenedRead MoreImplementing Different Policing Strategies773 Words   |  3 PagesS. Department of Justice Community policing is a philosophy that promotes organizational strategies, which support the systematic use of partnerships and problem-solving techniques, to proactively address the immediate conditions that give rise to public safety issues such as crime, social, and fear of crime (n.d). This essay critically examines the conditions, which would impact both positively and negatively on the police pro cedures required to implement community policing strategy in the MaldivesRead MoreLooking At What Cloud Computing?1459 Words   |  6 Pagesorganizational traditional system architecture could impact the prevailing organizational culture. This report will also help us understand the likelihood of cloud computing adoption in organizations as it’s relates to a particular holistic corporate culture model. The findings can support a convincing argument on why businesses should adopt a cloud computing strategy. Keywords: cloud computing, organizational culture, cloud adoption, cloud computing in organizational structures. Cloud Computing 101

A Passage to India †Analysis Free Essays

The novel and film ‘A Passage to India’ written by Forster and directed by Lean is about the Society of British people in India. Mrs. Moore and Adela Quested arrived in Chandrapore, India because Mrs. We will write a custom essay sample on A Passage to India – Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now Moore’s son Ronny and Adela are recently engaged. However, when they arrived they sensed, and were quickly trapped in, a prejudiced British community which misuses the natives of India and abuses them throughout the whole novel and film. ‘A Passage to India’. The film is directed by Lean presents and emphasis meaning throughout the film. An example of presenting meaning is when it is the scene when you see Mrs. Moore standing up for ‘God save the Queen’ and you see her directing her view slowly towards the Ganges. Lean uses the glance to turn down the music, presumably at the time that Mrs. Moore’s attention is transferred to the magnificence of the river. As time goes by when she is viewing the Ganges, you hear ‘God save the Queen’s’ volume dimming, this represents silence when is just looking, during this time she is just reflecting on things which have recently happened which she thinks is wrong. Lean at times presents the moon, the night sky and the expanses of the Ganges. Few examples of where Mrs. Moore is shown with the moon, night sky and the expanses of the Ganges, the first example is when you see Mrs. Moore entering the Moslim mosque which Dr. Aziz was there reflecting and Mrs. Moore for the first time looks out to the Ganges with the night sky so close. An another scene is when Mrs. Moore and Adela are on the train and while the train is crossing the bridge the night sky and expanses of the Ganges are shown. Another scene is when Mrs. Moore is on the ship leaving Chandrapore and she is seen by the deck reflecting on the recent things, the night sky is shown and the expanses, She finally dies after suffering from her heart condition. Lean presents a scene at the club when they were playing English songs such as, ‘God save the Queen’, ‘Tea for two’ and more. From this we can say that Lean presents the Indians as serving, There is no real meaning because all that they are doing is taking time away from their own lives to perform what they don’t really understand. They are merely used to imprint the British culture is rendered with seeming pride and enthusiasm. Lean shows Mrs. Moore and Godbole as characters who technically do not talk with each other but they do recognize and appreciates each others time. A good example of a scene where Godbole and Mrs. Moore are communicating without words spoken is the scene where Mrs. Moore is on the train and leaving Chandrapore, Godbole walks out of his temple and does a hand sign in the rear darkness. Mrs. Moore responds in a wave that seems to deepen the silence to meaning. How to cite A Passage to India – Analysis, Essay examples

Business Law Forum Pty Ltd.

Question: Discuss about the Business Law for Forum Pty Ltd. Answer: Introduction: Facts: The registration of Australian Investors Forum Pty Ltd was done on 18th May, 1999. Lloyd Cocks was appointed as a secretary of the Company and Mr. Luvara was appointed as the sole Director of the Company. The business of the Company was carried on from an office in North Sydney. The business of the Company was founded on the concept of share investment club and the business grew rapidly. AIF promised that it would soon be listed in the Australian Stock Exchange and based on that promise it received an amount of $2.1 M from its clients for subscription of its shares. The monies thus received were used in the business of the Company and the shares were never issued to the subscribers. However, the company was never listed in the Stock Exchange. Issue: The following issues have been considered by the Supreme Court of New South Wales: Whether the disclosure requirements under section 727 (1) of the Corporations Act 2001 has been contravened by the defendants or not? Whether the defendants are liable to be disqualified under the provisions of Section 206E or not? Whether the directors or other officers of AIF, in their various business dealings, have breached the provisions under Section 180, 181 and 182 of the Corporation Act or not? (Harris, 2013) Relevant Rules: Section 727(1) of the Corporation Act, 2001 According to Section 727(1), an offer of securities must not be made by a person unless a proper disclosure of the offer is made to the ASIC through a disclosure document. Section 206 E The provision as laid down under Section 206E is as follows: A person may be disqualified from managing corporations for such period as the Court deems fit on an application by ASIC if: The person: 1. Has not been able to take reasonable steps while acting as an officer of a body corporate, which has contravened this Act at least twice. 2. Has himself contravened this Act at least twice while acting as an officer of a body corporate. 3. Has contravened Section 180(1) and 181 of this Act (in case the body corporate is a corporation) 4. The satisfaction of the Court is necessary for justifying the disqualification under clause (1) 5. The persons conduct may be considered by the Court before any decision is made under this Section. Section 180 Under Section 180, a Director or other officer of a Corporation has to act carefully and with diligence while discharging their duties and exercising their powers. Section 181 Under the provision of Section 181, a Corporations director or other officer must act in good faith while discharging their duties and exercising their powers. The best interests of a Company and a proper purpose are also needed to be taken into consideration by such Director or officer. Section 182 Under Section 182, directors or other officers or employees of a Corporation cannot use their position for causing detriment to the Company or gaining undue advantage. Section 708(10) Under 708(10), the disclosure of offer of securities is not required if: 1. Making of the offer has been done through a financial services licensee 2. The satisfaction of the licensee is necessary with regard to the previous experience of the persons to whom the offer is made and which allows them to look into: 3. The offers merit 4. The securities value 5. The involvement of risk in acceptance of the offer 6. Information needs of the offeree 7. Whether adequate information has been furnished by the offeror 8. A statement containing the reasons for satisfaction of the licensee relating to the aforesaid matters needs to be given by the licensee 9. A written acknowledgement is needed to be signed by the offeree that a disclosure document has not been given (Kolivos Kuperman,2012). Application At the beginning of the trial Mr. Stack, appeared on behalf of ASIC and Lloyd Cocks and Messrs Anthony appeared for themselves and for Sacvere and Metrobank respectively. Since the defendants were not represented legally, there was the need for a certain flexibility degree in the trial. The defendants were alleged of certain contraventions that emerged before July 2001, that is before the commencement of the Corporations Act of 2001. However, several contraventions occurred after the commencement of the said legislation. The Corporations Act makes the inclusion of the provisions of the Corporations Law that the defendants have allegedly contravened. The parties to the dispute therefore made the proceeding on behalf of the provisions that are statutory, which are expressly provided in the Corporations Act. ASIC made the allegation on the part of Lloyd Cock and Messrs Anthony that they have involved themselves in the commissions of the provisions of civil penalty and the provisions of no penalty of the said Act. The contraventions of both the provisions are relied upon in the said act as the ground for orders of disqualification under Section 206E of the Corporations Act. There was the submission by ASIC regarding the establishment of the standard of evidence to stand the fact of contravention of the Act. The submission that is made ASIC made the point that the disqualification is of a civil nature despite the contravention is a result of the breach of civil penalty provisions or the breach of the non-civil provisions of penalty. There are several decisions that regard the fact that those decisions are to be considered as the standard of evidence where the order of disqualification is sought under Section 206E and Section 206C of the Corporations Act. It has been held by the Court that the standard of proof is required to find a declaration that would contain the contravention or the list of the procedures that would be in relation with the civil standard and not the standard that is criminal. In this case, ASIC alleged Cocks and Messrs Anthony to have committed infringement of both criminal and civil provisions of the Act. The contraventions relied on proving section 206E as a ground of disqualification or not. According to the ASIC, the standard of proof required for proving contravention of any part of the Act of an order of disqualification is a civil standard. However, the ground for proving contravention does not depend on the fact whether it was a civil stipulation or a non-civil stipulation (Griffiths, 2015). A number of case laws were taken into consideration in which standard of proof was required for proving disqualification under section 206E or section 206C of the Corporations Act (Malbon, 2013). In cases such as ASIC V. Alder, Briginshaw v Briginshaw, ASIC v Plyminand ASIC v Whitlam, the Court considered that the standard of proof required for finding breach of the Act is a civil standard and not a wrong standard though the attributes of the proceedings requires prosecutorial fairness (Kolivos Kuperman, 2012). Section 130 (8) A of the Corporation Act (CA), deals with the application of Criminal Code. Section 13.2 (1) of the Criminal Code, burden of proof in a case must be released beyond considerable uncertainty (Richardson, 2012). However, in section 1332 of the Corporations Act, standard of proof shall be applicable in cases where a person has breached any stipulation of the Corporation Act or a default has been made in obeying the provision of this Act or any action that is rega rded as unlawful as per the proviso of this Act. Alternatively, a person who has in any way been part of contravention directly or indirectly of this Act, the doctrine of standard of proof shall become applicable (Spagnolo, 2013). At the beginning, Anthony and Cocks stated that the companies involved in the proceedings were proprietary companies or public companies excepting for Sage Global Fund Limited. They argued that their actions had been ratified by the shareholders of the relevant corporations so that no contraventions had been committed which could give rise to the imposition of civil penalty orders in favour of the companies concerned.). However, contravention of the provisions of the CA were alleged by the ASIC and none of the shareholders never held Anthony or Cocks liable for breach of common law duties or fiduciary duties. ASIC sought orders for disqualification against Anthony and Cocks under section 206E and 1317H of the CA (Ha McGregor, 2013). In the case of Forge v. ASIC, the Court agreed to the fact that there is difference of view in Australia as to whether or not shareholders of an organization can ratify infringement by a director of a lawful duty. Though it may be proved that the shareholders of every organization may ratify an act that may give rise to infringement of the Act, nonetheless the judgment of the Forge case excludes any issues that the contravention was approved. The scenario of this case depicted the importance of breach of legislative duties of the directors. The breach of such duties is not only important to the shareholders of the corporation but also to other members of the corporation. The sentence provisions of the Corporations Act allow a company to be in the position to improve loss caused by the breach of duties of the directors for the benefit of the shareholders and creditors (Harris, 2013). It was found that: 1. A disclosure statement has not been filed with ASIC as required under Section 727(1) 2. A financial Service licensee (AIF) has made the offer 3. A statement of reasons as required under Section 708(10)(c) was not given by AIF to the offerees 4. No acknowledgement was signed by the offeree as required under Section 708(10)(d) Thus, Mr. Lloyd-Cocks, while acting as the Director of the company has failed to take reasonable steps for preventing the company from contravening the Corporation Act, 2001 and he himself was found to contravene this Act (Ha McGregor, 2013). Thus, the present case falls under the ambit of Section 206E. Moreover Mr. Lloyd-Cocks and Mr. Anthony, while acting as a Director and officer of AIF respectively, have been found to violate the provisions of Section 180, 181 and 182, in their business dealings with Medionics and Biotech. They have also violated the above mentioned provisions while issuing 210,000,000 shares in AIF on 16 May 2001 (Spagnolo, 2013). Conclusion: The Court held Mr. Anthony liable for breach of section 206 (A) (1) of the Corporation Act between the time December 2000 until October 2001. Additionally, the Court held Cocks liable for breaching sections 180 (1), section 181 (1) and section 182 (2) of the Corporation Act. In total, 28 contraventions of the Act by Cocks were proved against him, the proceedings stood over for proof and submissions as to resulting respite (Spagnolo, 2013). Justice Palmer in this case noted that the payment of the management fee was not maintained and no records pertaining to the fee of the management was available. He stated that an ordinary man, when dealing with business transactions would insist on a contract in writing and an invoice for a detailed list of transactions (Richardson, 2012). He noted that the Board did not have detailed report of their meetings or of theor management fee. This case shows the importance of documenting board issues at the time of attending meetings and maintaining pro per agreements when relying exemptions of arms length. Written records are helpful as they protect the interests of the person against any kind of allegation (Corones, 2012). References: Asic v Australian Investors Forum Pty Ltd and Ors (No 2) [2005] NSWSC 267 (4 April 2005) Corones, S. G. (2012, November). Liability of suppliers of extended warranties under the Australian consumer law. InAustralian Consumer Law and Extended Warranties Halfday Seminar. Griffiths, J. (2015). Application of the Australian consumer law to government commercial activities.Commercial Law Quarterly: The Journal of the Commercial Law Association of Australia,29(3), 3. Ha, H., McGregor, S. L. (2013). Role of Consumer Associations in the Governance of E-commerce Consumer Protection.Journal of Internet Commerce,12(1), 1-25. Harris, B. (2013). Economic Cost Provisions in Fixed-Rate Home Loan Contracts and Breaches of Australian Consumer Law.J. Pol. L.,6, 95. Kolivos, E., Kuperman, A. (2012). Consumer law: Web of lies-legal implications of astroturfing.Keeping good companies,64(1), 38. Malbon, J. (2013). Taking fake online consumer reviews seriously.Journal of Consumer Policy,36(2), 139-157. Richardson, M. (2012). Why policy matters: Google Inc v Australian Competition and Consumer Commission.Sydney L. Rev.,34, 587. Spagnolo, L. (2013). Law Wars: Australian Contract Law Reform vs CISG vs CESL. Sutton-Brady, C., Kamvounias, P., Taylor, T. (2015). A model of supplierretailer power asymmetry in the Australian retail industry.Industrial Marketing Management,51, 122-130.

Social Influences on Behavior

Social influences are things that alter or influence an individual’s feelings, conduct, opinions, or actions. Both sociologists and psychologists find this concept of great value, for example, social influence is a pivotal tool for marketing, smoking and many more.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Social Influences on Behavior specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Among the very many things under focus when handling the concept of social influence is how external factors affect behavior of certain faction or discrete individuals. In other words, nobody is exclusive of social influence as it can occur in any social condition. For instance, let us take prejudice, attraction and love as examples of social influences. It is quite apparent that prejudice develops feelings of misery or hate. On the other hand, love and attraction brings feelings that an individual can help one up. Whether positive or negative, these c onditions can light a rollercoaster ride in the brain and make an individual change from being irate to blissful or from cheerful to fuming, within a split second. Thus, undoubtedly, love and prejudice remains two paramount circumstances that induce sturdy feelings in humans-the chieftains of human behavior in society (Ainette Carmella, 2011, p.1). According to Kowalski and Westen (2009), schemas are the vital blueprint of thoughts, which systematize experience and direct the processing of information about human beings and situation. They go on saying that for this to occur, an impression of a person is necessary before anything else. Their work shows people that develop the first impression by observing the behavior of outgoing and attractive individuals. Thus, if a person appears shy and reticent, the observer will have a shoddier first impression. In short, the first impression, either good or bad, forms the source of social behaviors. For instance, prejudice can make people be have imperfectly bearing in mind many people do not like the idea of becoming outcasts due to stereotype. It is thus important to note that the first impressions are the antecedent from where love and prejudice emanate. Ordinarily, prejudice comes when a certain faction of people discriminate an individual either by race or color. Interestingly, the group has a leader who forces others to believe in discrimination. Although some members may be aware that what they are doing is wrong, they find themselves in a sorry state, as any resistance to what the group believes will makes them outcasts. Additionally, it is important to note that the group has an influencing power to facilitate socially how every member conducts himself or herself. At the same time, no member of the group risks being an outcast by opposing others. Such cases are more common in children as compared to adults. As Kowalski and Westen notes, no substantive amount of salutary intercession can stop people from practic ing prejudice and stereotyping. This is because many people follow the crowd irrespective of whether he crowd is doing the right thing or not. Perhaps this is the reason why in the contemporary world; altruism is something hard to come across (pp. 8-27).Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Another component of social influence is the sensation of attraction and falling in love. The two, love and attraction, can develop as a first impression, in this case, directed towards a certain individual. Noticeably, the foremost thing that a person keenly observes in a person of the opposite sex is of course, the physical appearance of that individual. Depending on personal preferences and even culture, each person has different assertions on the characteristics that attract him or her most. Nevertheless, it is important to note that at first sight, the first impression about someone is the paramou nt thing. Any behavior of the sensation of attraction or love towards someone comes later. Undoubtedly, social researchers quickly assert that love is brings out the feeling of contentment and self-assurance in human beings. In most cases, where love exists, altruism comes into action, since the persons involved ends up being happy and better than they were (Schueler, 1997, p.1). Studies show that love as complex as it is, exhibits itself as evolutionary and biological. In most cases, the studies explain the genesis of love as biological. However, it is important to note that due to social interactions, social groupings, social loafing and groupthink; the nature of love has made it easier to modify it into an assortment of cultures. On the other hand, love exhibits itself when human beings protect their progeny. Nevertheless, some instances can make love plummet amid its disassociation from intervention of any type. For example, if one person becomes abusive due to stress or jealous y, then the concept of love as an ingredient of social influence ceases. Captivatingly, some people may choose to remain in an abusive relationship just because they love their partners. Apparently, such situations require a certain therapy to deal with. In other words, love and prejudice are paramount circumstances that we cannot do without, simply because each one of them tries to accomplish various genuses of biological and evolutionary demands. For instance, prejudice pleads for inclusivity in major social groupings. On the other hand, no human being likes being alone. All human being desires to associate with other people hence, the concept of love. It is also important to note that love is a fundamental necessitate for reproduction and survival. Perhaps this is the reason why people appear to care for others and making sure that the lineage survives (Kowalski Westen, 2009, pp. 31-76).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Social Influences on Behavior specifi cally for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In conclusion, so far, love and prejudice remain the strongest social influences on how human beings conduct themselves. From the two emanate an assortment of motions that range from irritation to hopelessness to self-assurance and happiness. Without any doubt, the behavior of people can affect the attitude and self-esteem of other people in social loafing. Social influence can also affect individual personality and behavior, and sometimes lead to discrimination. Reference List Ainette, M. Carmella, W. (2011). Social Influence. Behavioral Research. Web. Kowalski, R., Westen, D. (2009). Psychology. (5th ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley and Sons. Schueler, G. (1997). Social Influence on Behavior. Web. This essay on Social Influences on Behavior was written and submitted by user Garia to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How To Write An Article Review Essay, Detailed Instructions

How To Write An Article Review Essay, Detailed Instructions What is an article review An article review is a process of critically evaluating literature within a specific field, it  entails summarizing, classifying and conducting comparison among different research findings. Article review involves searching for scientific articles among databases to retrieve relevant research findings presented by different authors. The purpose of review is to give both students and scholars the opportunity to evaluate the work of other experts in a specific field.   Using the article review process, experts offer critical opinions about other expert research work. Processes involved in Article Review Article review involves presenting your analysis of a subject based on an article finding to people who are conversant with a specific area of knowledge. It demands professional writing with high standards and an in-depth presentation of our opinion. Important points to consider before starting to review an article includes understanding that an article review does not require new information, but requires our response based on another authors work. Article review requires a critical evaluation and comparisons using theories, ideas and research findings that are related to the subject at hand. A good article review should have well-organized ideas that build ideas and present its arguments consistently. Reading and reviewing Before starting the review process, it is important to read the selected article to have a better understanding of the article content. It is advisable to read and re-read the article to identify some of the common themes described in the article. After reading the article, it is important to pinpoint the key points presented by the author,   this critical step will help identify the main article points of argument that helps in building up logical arguments while critiquing the article. Preparing an Outline An outline is a key when writing a  perfect paper, it  makes the writing easy when presenting articles arguments. Writing an outline involves choosing the specific statement that presents the main purpose of the review, known as the thesis. A thesis statement states the main ideas and helps control their flow. Thesis statements are a reflection of our judgment or opinion which can be generated from reading or personal experiences. Developing a thesis statement entails presenting the intention expressed by the author and presenting if the authors intention were realized. Coming up with an outline requires the writer to read the article and note down important facts and any other contributions made by other relevant research findings. A good outline needs to identify knowledge gaps and any contradictions.   An outline should also entail some of the shortcoming and strengths of the identified articles and finally summarizing the paper based on concrete knowledge. Writing a review Introduction The first part is the introduction, the introduction begins with mentioning the name of the article. For example, the article titled New evidence on the treatment of ADHD by Lucian, Barnes-Holmes, and Barnes-Holmes discusses treatment and management of ADHD among children. The first paragraph should include a thesis statement. The other important points during introduction include writing how the article relates to other research findings on the specific topic. When writing an article review, the topic needs to be clearly stated, citing the identified article at the beginning of the paper, which is also important.   Presenting the topic at the beginning of the paper will communicate to the reader about the main purpose of the writing. The topic needs to be appealing and should highlight the most important points of the article to be reviewed. The topic should be declarative, evocative or probing. Citing the article will enable the reader to know the specific article in question, for example: Luciano, C., Barnes-Holmes, Y., Barnes-Holmes, D. (2002)? New evidence on the treatment of ADHD. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 23 (6), 406-421. During an introduction, one shall explain the criteria the author used when analyzing and also comparing its findings, one will explain the organization for the review. The body of the review When writing a review, the body of the paper should begin with a topic sentence that states the main ideas of the paragraph.   Starting the paragraph with a topic sentence presents the reader with the idea early. The body of the paper should include data analyzed or quotations, or a set of comparison showing evidence. The body of the article should outline the arguments that support the thesis statement followed by a logic development of ideas noted when developing the outline. It is important to quote some facts presented by the author to illustrate the main article ideas. When reviewing an article, it is important to summarize the whole idea of the article, including what the author stated by noting relevant facts and other article findings. The next step is to critique the article by highlighting the articles strengths and weaknesses based on your opinion. It is also imperative to acknowledge the authors contribution in the specific field and also highlight the gaps and any contradictions found in the article.   Criticizing an article entails taking a standpoint to either support or not support the authors findings. All these should be backed up by fact and theories that apply to the topic. When choosing quotes from the article to support your argument, its important to select and discuss materials from the article to prove your point. Quotations help in developing an argument about the authors work using your words. Conclusion The concluding paragraph needs to summarize the views of the article and also restate the thesis statement. In this section, concluding means revisiting the main ideas of the article and highlighting our opinion of the article. The conclusion also presents the opportunity to give a way forward for further research. An effective conclusion needs to go beyond summary and appreciate the authors efforts and the significance of the article. Conclusion helps the readers to realize how you developed an argument or if the paper answered the question.   The conclusion should be developed from a readers perspective. At the end of the paper, the reader needs to gain new insight from the paper about the topic of discussion. Reviewing the draft After completing the first draft of the review, its important to revise the written paper to check for spelling and grammar. Proofreading needs to delete unnecessary and repetitive phrases or words and also add any missing information before submitting the final work.   Proofreading needs to check for errors in quotations or in references, logic development and also check if the paper has a solid support for the thesis statement. During the review, major changes of the content are allowed before submitting the final work.

Teaching Reading Comprehension to Dyslexic Students

Teaching Reading Comprehension to Dyslexic Students Reading comprehension is frequently very difficult for students with dyslexia. They are challenged by word recognition; they may forget a word even though they have seen it several times. They may spend so much time and effort in sounding words out, they lose the meaning of the text or they may need to read a passage over and over to fully understand what is being said. An in-depth report, completed by the National Reading Panel in 2000, provides a look at how teachers can best teach students reading comprehension. This skill is considered essential, not only in learning to read but also in lifelong learning. The panel held regional public hearings with teachers, parents, and students to help form an understanding of what was required in making sure students had a solid foundation of reading skills. Reading comprehension was listed as one of the five most important skills in developing reading. According to the panel, there were three specific themes within reading comprehension that were discussed: Vocabulary InstructionText Comprehension InstructionTeacher Preparation and Comprehension Strategies Instruction Vocabulary Instruction Teaching vocabulary increases reading comprehension. The more words a student knows, the easier it is to understand what is being read. Students must also be able to decode unfamiliar words, that is, they must be able to derive the meaning of the word through knowledge or similar words or through the surrounding text or speech. For example, a student can better understand the word truck if they first understand the word car or a student can guess what the word truck means by looking at the rest of the sentence, such as The farmer loaded hay in the back of his truck and drove away. The student can assume that the truck is something you drive, thereby being like a car, but is bigger since it can hold hay. The panel found that using a variety of methods to teach vocabulary worked better than simple vocabulary lessons. Some of the successful methods included:Using computer and technology to aid in vocabulary instruction Repetitive exposure to wordsLearning vocabulary words prior to reading textIndirect learning of vocabulary, for example, using vocabulary words in a number of different contextsLearning vocabulary in both written text and oral speech Teachers should not rely on a single method of teaching vocabulary but instead should combine different methods to create interactive and multi-faceted vocabulary lessons that are age-appropriate for the students. Text Comprehension Instruction Text comprehension, or understanding what the printed words mean as a whole rather than understanding individual words, is the basis of reading comprehension. The panel found that comprehension is enhanced when readers actively relate the ideas represented in print to their own knowledge and experiences and construct mental representations in memory. Further, it was found that when cognitive strategies were used during reading, comprehension increased. Some of the specific reading comprehension strategies that were found to be effective are: Teaching students to monitor their understanding of the material as they readHaving students practice reading comprehension skills as a groupUsing pictures and graphics to represent the material being learnedAnswering questions about the materialCreating questions about the materialDetermining the structure of the storySummarizing the material As with vocabulary instruction, it was found that using a combination of reading comprehension strategies and making lessons multisensory was more effective than using a single strategy. In addition, understanding that strategies may change depending on what is being read was important. For example, reading science text may require a different strategy than reading a story. Students who are able to experiment with different strategies better equipped to determine which strategy will work for their current assignment. Teacher Preparation and Comprehension Strategies Instruction In order to teach reading comprehension, the teacher must, of course, be knowledgeable of all of the components of reading comprehension. Specifically, teachers should receive training in explaining the strategies to students, modeling thinking processes, encouraging students to be curious about what they are reading, keeping students interested and creating interactive reading instruction. There are two main approaches to teaching reading comprehension strategies: Direct Explanation: Using this approach, the teacher explains the reasoning and mental processes used to make text meaningful. Teachers can explain that reading and understanding text is a problem-solving exercise. For example, when summarizing what has been read, a student can play the part of a detective, looking for important information in the text. Transaction Strategy Instruction: This approach also uses direct explanations of the strategies used in reading comprehension but includes class and group discussions on the material in order to develop a deeper understanding of the material. Source Teaching Children to Read: An Evidence-Based Assessment of the Scientific Research Literature on Reading and Its Implications for Reading Instruction, 2000, National Reading Panel, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Government

Should Iran be allowed to freely carry on with its nuclear programme Essay

Should Iran be allowed to freely carry on with its nuclear programme - Essay Example generally adopting a belligerent stance on this issue, and the US using IAEA as a tool to pressure Iran, it is contended that Iran should be allowed to carry on its peaceful nuclear program without the interference of the international community. The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), to which Iran is also a signatory, recognizes the inherent right of the signatories to â€Å"develop research, production and use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes without discrimination† [emphasis added] in Article IV(1). Therefore, it can be said that not only is Iran within its rights to develop a peaceful nuclear program, but the US and the other international community, by their opposition to Iran’s nuclear program, are in direct violation of the NPT, specifically Article IV(2). Iran has admitted to enriching uranium at their nuclear research centers. It is worth noting that enriched uranium can be used for the production of both energy and nuclear weapons. Admitting that it is not possible to determine the exact use this enriched uranium will be put to, it is contended that Iran’s stated stance of developing a peaceful nuclear program should be taken at its face value, as, so far, there has been no concrete evidence given to contradict it. Nuclear energy would benefit Iran a great deal; it is a renewable source of energy, as opposed to oil and gas, both non-renewable energy resources. If Iran is allowed to carry out its nuclear energy production, it will, thus, save its oil and gas reserves for other more useful purposes (polymer and plastic production, for instance). Moreover, the negative impact of burning oil and gas on the environment and, by extension, human health, calls for looking into alternative sources of energy, one of which is nuclear energy. Though nuclear reactors also have problems, for instance, accidents that might occur therein and the storage and protection of nuclear waste, however, these are considered to be manageable. Lastly, the